Chapter 9: Three states (مَرْفُوع · مَنْصُوب · مَجْرُور)

• When you read the Mushaf, the last vowel sound on many words is a clue to how that word is “sitting” in the sentence.
• There are three main states: مَرْفُوع (u), مَنْصُوب (a), and مَجْرُور (i).
• Pause (وقف) can change how an ending is written or pronounced; these are patterns you can hear and see.

State	Arabic	Sound	Mark	Feeling
Marfu‘	مَرْفُوع	u / ُ	ضَمَّة	Subject / Default
Mansūb	مَنْصُوب	a / َ	فَتْحَة	Object / Details
Majrūr	مَجْرُور	i / ِ	كَسْرَة	Prepositional / "Gravity"

Often spelling shows a long و on ا at the end of an ayah.

...وُا

Spelling often shows ىٰ (alif maqsūra style) at the end of an ayah.

...ٰى

Think of Majrūr (i) as being pulled down by gravity—this state is very common after prepositions taught in Chapter 7.

اللَّهُ نُورُ السَّمَاوَاتِ (24:35)

Allah is the Light of the heavens

അല്ലാഹു ആകാശങ്ങളുടെ പ്രകാശമാകുന്നു.

نُورُ ends with ُ: typical Marfu subject sound.

مِنْ رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ

From the mercy of Allah

അല്ലാഹുവിൻറെ കാരുണ്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന്.

After مِنْ, رَحْمَة takes ِ (i) ending.

إِنَّا أَعْطَيْنَاكَ الْكَوْثَرَ (108:1)

Indeed, We gave you Al-Kawthar

തീർച്ചയായും നിനക്ക് നാം കൗസർ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു.

الْكَوْثَرَ is the object: ends with َ (a).

يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ (3:29)

He knows what is in the heavens

ആകാശങ്ങളിലുള്ളത് അവൻ അറിയുന്നു.

يَعْلَمُ ends with ُ: clear Marfu verb pattern.

وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَاكَ سَبْعًا (15:87)

We have given you seven (verses)

ഏഴു വചനങ്ങളും നിനക്ക് നാം നൽകിയിട്ടുണ്ട്.

سَبْعًا takes tanwīn fatḥa (a) as the object.

Your goal here is to notice common shapes and sounds (u/a/i) at the end of words—this is your first lens for reading the Quran with grammar in mind.

Now that you can "hear" the endings, you can see how they apply to all the forms you've learned in the previous chapters.

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